NEW THREATS TO HUMAN SECURITY
STUDY DOCUMENTS CAUSES OF
"NEW WORLD DISORDER"
Rapid population growth, environmental degradation, and inequitable distribution of
wealth are now provoking political strife in many countries, sometimes leading to
social disintegration and armed conflict, according to Fighting for Survival:
Environmental Decline, Social Conflict, and the New Age of Insecurity, the
latest book from the Worldwatch Institute.
"The greatest threats to security today come from within nations, not from
invading armies," says Michael Renner, a Senior Researcher and author of the new
book. "These new threats are the real roots of what some have called 'the new
world disorder.'"
"In the struggle for environmental and social security, tanks and automatic
weapons are at best irrelevant and often obstacles. Experience in Liberia and
Somalia has shown that cheap arms can quickly transform social discontent into
the violent disintegration of countries. More than 30 armed conflicts are currently
underway--most involving antagonists within, not between, nations."
As population pressures build, and local resources collapse, people often resort to
ethnic, religious, or other group-based identities for protection. Among the most
vulnerable are the 400 million poor people in developing countries who now eke
out a meager living on ecologically fragile lands.
In southern Sudan, for example, inappropriate farming methods caused severe soil
degradation, and undermined the livelihoods of large numbers of people, which
accelerated the country's slide into civil war. Renner also points to Rwanda and
Chiapas as regions in which environmental degradation has undermined social
cohesion, spurring violence.
Fighting for Survival argues that human security can no longer be
defended by military might, but rather will depend on efforts to stabilize the
world's population, reduce social inequities, conserve soil and water, and protect
the climate. Unless we can achieve an environmentally sustainable economy, the
conflict and violence of recent years can be expected to accelerate.
Some 3.6 billion hectares--about 70 percent of potentially productive drylands, or
nearly a quarter of the earth's land area--have already been turned into deserts,
according to Fighting for Survival. Half of all agricultural land is
moderately degraded and 16 percent is strongly degraded. Such lands can no
longer support a growing human population. And in Latin America, wealthy
landowners control much of the best land, so as the population expands, poor
peasants are forced onto marginal lands.
With grain prices rising in the nineties, diminished food self-sufficiency and
increased dependence on imports may leave millions of people vulnerable to
malnutrition. Already, riots broke out in Jordan in 1996 when it tried to reduce
bread subsidies.
Deforestation is also undermining human security, says the Worldwatch book.
Between half and three-quarters of the middle mountain range in Nepal has been
deforested in the last 40 years, and in India, 40 percent of the forests have been
lost in the last 25 years. Consequently, flood-prone areas in India have nearly
tripled--to almost one-fifth of its territory--causing crop damages of more than $1
billion annually.
In Bangladesh, deforestation has doubled the area vulnerable to flooding-- to nearly
two-thirds of the country's territory. A devastating cyclone in 1988 submerged 80
percent of Bangladesh and left 25 million people homeless.
"These threats to security could be exacerbated by coming changes in the world's
climate caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases. This is projected to trigger an
increase in heat waves, hurricanes, floods, droughts, wildfires, and a rise in sea
level that could displace 70 million people in China alone."
Studies indicate that climate change could cut Egypt's corn yield by one-fifth and
its wheat yield by one-third, while Mexico's rain-fed corn crop may be reduced by
as much as 40 percent. India's vital wheat crop is also at risk since much of it is
already at the edge of its climatic range. In Asia, almost 10 percent of the world's
rice production--enough to feed more than 200 million people--is considered
vulnerable to sea level rise.
Beyond these environmental threats, Fighting for Survival notes that
growing inequality has further reduced the security of low-income people in recent
decades, and has torn at the social fabric of societies. In many countries, rural
peasants and the urban poor saw their incomes decline in the eighties, and then
failed to benefit from the surge in economic growth in the nineties.
Out of a global labor force of about 2.8 billion people, at least 120 million are
unemployed, while 700 million are classified as "underemployed"--receiving too
little income to cover even the most basic needs.
"In several countries, such problems have led to internal conflict," Renner notes.
"In Rwanda, population growth and limited economic opportunities put immense
pressure on the land. Over-cultivation diminished soil fertility, cutting grain
harvests by 32 percent between 1990 and 1993. The resulting economic
desperation allowed Hutu extremists to play up ethnic tensions, culminating in a
murderous 1994 rampage that led to hundreds of thousands of civilian deaths."
In the Mexican state of Chiapas, land scarcity in the last decade has pushed
growing numbers of peasants into the region's Lacandon rainforest, provoking
competition with ranchers and loggers--who already control the most productive
land. Tree cover in the Lacandon declined from 90 percent in 1960 to 30 percent
today, while soil fertility was simultaneously exhausted.
As the local economic situation deteriorated, Renner reports, Zapatista rebels--a
force largely made up of indigenous peasants--staged an armed uprising in January
1994 to protest the government's decision to abandon a historic commitment to
land reform. This led in turn to violent clashes with the Mexican army, and political
instability that continues today.
Beyond such internal conflicts, environmental and social problems are creating
tensions between countries, according to Fighting for Survival. The
flow of refugees from Mexico to the United States, and from North Africa to
Europe, has led to political confrontation. The dramatic depletion of several
oceanic fisheries in the past decade has also created tensions--and in some cases
armed confrontations--between fishing nations.
Conflicting claims on the Euphrates River have spawned similar tensions among
Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. Ethiopia's plans to expand its diversion of the upper Nile
river in Africa for irrigation and hydropower could bring that country into conflict
with Egypt, for whom the Nile is literally a lifeline.
Renner finds that many nations are now locked into a zero-sum game over a
diminishing resource. To prevent these disputes from leading to armed conflict will
require careful diplomatic attention, as well as accelerated efforts to deal with the
underlying environmental and social roots of this new insecurity.
The book sketches the shape of a new balance in security investments, one that
de-emphasizes military armament, and meets urgent environmental and social
investment needs of roughly $200 billion per year. Part of this funding can be
obtained by cutting today's $800 billion global military budget, rechanneling foreign
aid, and providing speedy debt relief. Additional funds will have to come from
private sources--spurred in part by tax incentives and other fiscal policies.
Among the elements of a new security policy recommended in the final chapter of
Fighting for Survival:
- Expanded efforts to slow population growth by increasing support for
women's education, health, and family planning.
- Programs to sustainably manage and use forests, water, and soils--the
resources that underpin most rural economies.
- Redistribution of land. In Brazil, where 5 percent of landowners control at
least 70 percent of all arable land, redistributing idled land would provide
enough acreage for 12 million landless and near-landless.
- Greater credit for the urban and rural poor who are generally denied loans
by commercial banks. Increasing the number of people who receive
micro-loans would generate jobs and income that reduce social tensions
and the need to migrate.
- More expeditious debt relief, particularly for the poorest countries that
owe an unmanageable $200 billion. Efforts by debtor nations to service their
foreign loans have hemorrhaged their economies, strained the social fabric,
and led to environmentally disastrous logging and mining projects.
- Strengthened global conventions on climate and biodiversity. Unless the
climate is stabilized and natural ecosystems protected, other efforts to
improve human security may be overwhelmed.
- Expanded funding for the sustainable development programs carried out by
the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment
Programme, the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, and the Global
Environment Facility. All four have been hit hard by recent budget cuts.
"Security in the nineties has less to do with how many tanks or soldiers a country
can field," Renner concludes, "and more with how well it protects its arable lands
and watersheds, and whether it is able to reduce social pressures. National leaders
would do well to focus less on the symptoms of today's conflicts and more on
their root causes, less on the dangers from abroad and more on the perils within."
Fonte: Worldwatch Institute
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